Legal Cases that paved the way for Emergent Bilingual Education
Many adversities have occurred over the years: Civil Rights Act, Segregation, Unequal Education, No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) and many more legal battles have worked hand in hand with the legal cases below. All of these different components have helped pave the way for Emergent Bilingual Education and set standards for many documents that outline equitable educational rights for many students from different backgrounds and ethnicities.
Civil Rights Act (1964)
Denver vs. Keyes (1973) - Denver, CO
Lau vs. Nichols (1971) - San Francisco, CA​
Lau Remedies (1975)
Castañeda vs. Pickard (1978 and 1981) - Raymondville, TX
Phyler vs. Doe (1982) - Texas
Yazzie vs. NM (2018) - New Mexico
Click the link below for more information...
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1zYlgA53x3OjXqVwyPM8txVfnQ7nJvDfVNcm9Zyxgqro/edit?usp=sharing
Credit: English Language LEARNER PROGRAM
OCR - Office of Civil Rights
The Office of Civil Rights is a federal organization that enforces laws that protects the rights of individual from discrimination against sex, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, etc. This organization arose from the Lau Remedies (mentioned below). For education, the OCR has many laws in place to ensure equal access to education for all students, as well educational excellence. We are going to look at this specific OCR document (link below) regarding English Learner Students.
The goal of this document is to guide school districts towards providing an equal education for EL students. For example, this document requires that school districts monitor and assess ELL's performance and placement. It also requires that adequate language assistance programs are available to ELs.
Credit: MyChesCo.
Process of Becoming an ELL in Colorado
Any student who has a home language that is different from English is classified as an ELL and will go through these two processes.
Bilingual Programs
These programs arose from the OCR as a result of unequal educational rights.
Dual Immersion
This program model focuses on developing bilingualism in ELs and English-Proficient Learners. In some schools, students will spend half of the time with one language with a specific teacher and vice-versa for the other language. Another great thing about this program is it promotes cultural awareness and acquisition of a student's personal cultural identity.
For example, Eva B Stokely School in Shiprock, NM. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXazvtr1Geo)
Transitional Bilingual Education: Early Exit
This program model is similar to the Late Exit. The biggest difference is that once the Native Language Skills are developed and eventually phased-out, into English ONLY instruction very quickly.
Credit: Dual Language Program
Developmental Bilingual Education: Late Exit
This program model focuses on Language learning using your native language for instruction and slowly transitioning into English. It focuses on native language mostly, while finding similarities between the two languages and using those to develop English skills. By doing this, eventually student's instruction will move to all English.
English Language Programs
These programs also arose from the OCR as a result of unequal educational rights.
Sheltered Content
This program model focuses on content-area curriculum that delivered via English instruction. The English instruction is based off of a student's proficiency. This method of instruction also includes contextual clues, gestures, and visual aids.
ESL Pull Out
This model focuses on English language acquisition only. Students are usually grouped by language proficiency level and worked with in small groups. Groups are usually flexible with the student/teacher ratio low.
Newcomer Program/International High Schools
This program model is designed to serve immigrants, migrants, students of other languages, etc. The program promotes academic success in the classroom around all of the subjects that students may see in the state test. They also collaborate with other students while being guided by the teacher.
Credit: ELL Program
Credit: 4 Benefits
Citations
4 benefits for international students at U.S. high schools. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://www.usnews.com/education/high-schools/articles/2012/05/11/4-benefits-for-international-students-at-us-high-schools
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Wright, W. E. (2019). Listening and Speaking. In Foundations for teaching English language learners: Research, theory, policy, and practice. Philadelphia: Caslon.
English language LEARNER PROGRAM. (2018, November 20). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from http://nvps.net/english-language-learner-program/
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ELL program - Impact Academy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://longley.lewistonpublicschools.org/eel-information-5a470e8a/ell-program-57f95810
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Colorado Department of Education. (Oct. 2016). Guidebook and Designing, Delivering and Evaluating Services for English Learners (ELs). file:///C:/Users/ROC/Downloads/CO%20Guidebook_ELLs_2016.pdf
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Dual-Language Program Grows in Arizona Public Schools. (2014, July 07). Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://azednews.com/dual-language-programs-grow-in-arizona-public-schools/
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MyChesCo. (2020, July 31). Office for civil Rights Delivers annual report to Congress on PROTECTING students' rights. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.mychesco.com/a/news/national/office-for-civil-rights-delivers-annual-report-to-congress-on-protecting-students-rights/